World History
Chapter: Source of History
1.
What
is historiography?
Ans. The study of history of history is known as
historiography. It also means, the study of how history has been written.
2.
Who
started the historiography?
Ans. History writing began in the 5th
Century BCE in Greece.
3.
Explain
how histories are written (The process of writing history).
 |
| Process of writing history. |
Historical events are created by the people which becomes the evidence for the historians. The historians re-examined, reviewed, verified, etc., these pieces of evidence. This evidence is used as a source for historians to interpret the event. The interpretation (narrative) of the historians is read by the people as a historical account.
4.
Why
does historical interpretation change over time? Give TWO reasons.
Ans. Historical interpretations change over time
because of the following reasons:
i)
Because
of the discovery of new evidence and sources,
ii)
Different
historians have different views and interpretations, etc.
5.
In the 1950s, the USA was portrayed as a hero and USSR as a villain in
the Cold War, and vice versa in the 1960s. in the 1970s, historians interpreted
that there were no heroes or villain and both were responsible for the Cold War. Why did the
interpretation of the Cold War differ at different periods? Give reasons.
Ans. This is because of the following reasons:
i)
Because
of the discovery of new evidence and sources,
ii)
Different
historians have different views and interpretations, etc.
6.
What
is meant by ‘Source’ in history? Give examples.
Ans. ‘Source’ in history refers to anything that
provides information. For example, official records, pictures, sound
recordings, stories, songs, books, films, newspapers, treaties, or an object.
7.
What
are the different types of sources in history?
Ans. There are FOUR different types of sources in
history.
|
Primary Source |
Secondary
Source |
Material
Source |
Non-material
Source |
|
Primary
sources are those sources that are written accounts or objects produced by
someone who is a witness to an event. They are
authentic and reliable. It is
firsthand information and becomes subjective. |
Secondary
sources are those sources that are second-hand accounts written and objects
produced based on primary sources. It is biased
information. It is of the commentaries
and interpretations. |
Material
sources are those sources that are physical objects and have a sense of
touch. |
Non-material
sources are those sources that cannot be touched or do not have a sense of
touch. |
8.
Give
Four examples for each of the sources of history.
Ans.
|
Primary Source |
Secondary
Source |
Material
Source |
Non-material
Source |
|
Coins,
treaties, pot, traditional houses, weapons, choeten, etc. |
Folklores,
songs, internet, books, map, etc. |
Coins,
treaties, pots, houses, weapons, books, etc. |
Folklores,
songs, norms, ideas and beliefs. |
9.
Write
the importance of the source in history.
Ans.
i.
Sources
give ideas and information about the past.
ii.
It
helps to interpret the past.
iii.
It
provides different evidence and information.
1 A historian plays an important role in writing
history. Mention TWO roles.
Ans. The roles of historians are:
i.
Historians
interpret the past using various sources.
ii.
Historians
discover the evidence and interpret it through re-examining, reviewing, and
verifying it.
iii.
Historians
help to maintain the historical account through their interpretations.
11 Why historiography is important? [OR] Write the
importance of historiography.
Ans. Historiography is important because:
i.
It
helps us to understand how the history has been interpreted.
ii.
It
helps us to understand how people viewed history over time.
iii.
It
helps historians to interpret historical events.
iv.
It
helps us to get an idea of history.
Chapter: The Stone Age
Define
‘Evolution.’
Ans. Evolution is a biological process by which
different kinds of living organisms undergo gradual change over a long period
of time.
How did the primates change into human form during the evolution process?
[OR]
What
factors were responsible for the transformation of primates into humans?
Ans. The primates changed into humans because of two
reasons:
i.
Bipedalism,
and
ii.
The
rapid increase in brain size.
What
is ‘Bipedalism’?
Ans. Bipedalism means, the process or ability to walk on two feet with an upright body. Humans are bipedal.
Which primate was responsible for the evolution of the human form?
Ans. Hominoidea.
How are genus homo members different from other species?
And. Genus homo members are characterized by erect posture (upright/standing body), a large cranium (skull), two feet, a distinct thumb, and the ability to make tools.
Fill in the blanks:
|
Name of the
species |
period |
Places
Discovered |
features |
|
Homo Habilis |
1.7 million
years ago |
Found in Lake
Turkana in Kenya |
·
Brain size of ---(i)------
cc. ·
Made crude tools
from bones for hunting ·
Practiced food
gathering, hunting, and scavenging. |
|
(ii) ----------------------- |
1.9 million
years ago |
Indonesia-
Java Man China- Peking
Man |
·
Brain size
850-1100 cc ·
Made better
tools ·
Hunting is the
main occupation ·
Used fire. |
|
Homo Sapiens |
200, 000 years
ago |
Germany- ------------(iii)-------- |
·
Brain size
1450 cc ·
Appearance
similar to modern human |
|
Homo Sapiens
Sapiens |
------------(iv)-------
years ago |
France- Cro-Magnon Man |
·
Excellent
hunter ·
Control over
environment ·
Developed art. |
Ans.
i.
800
ii.
Homo
Erectus
iii.
Neanderthal
iv.
40,
000.
Which
of the following discovered the use of fire?
Ans.
i.
Homo
Habilis
ii.
Homo
Sapiens
iii.
Homo
Sapiens Sapiens
iv.
Homo
erectus.
Topic: Governance and Peace
1.
What
is meant by the term ‘governance’?
Ans. The term ‘governance’ means ‘to rule’ or ‘to
control’ the country or state.
2.
Define
the following terms:
i.
Renaissance ii. Reformations iii. Industrial Revolution iv. Colonisation v. Imperialism
Ans. i. Renaissance-
rebirth of ideas and knowledge.
ii.
Reformations-
Changes in the way people practice or do.
iii.
Industrial
Revolution- Rapid increase of industries. It started in Europe.
iv.
Colonisation-
the process of occupying a new area or region.
v.
Imperialism-
A country having both economic and political dominance over another country/ a
country ruling politically over another country.
3.
How
did new forms of governance system emerged? [OR] What were the factors
responsible for the emergence of the new forms of governance systems?
Ans. Following were the factors responsible for the
emergence of new forms of governance system:
i.
Starting
of Renaissance and Reformations by the end of 15th
Century CE. New ideas and
knowledge made people to change the way they think and do.
ii. Age
of Discovery and Scientific Development. There were several inventions and discoveries due to
knowledge of sciences.
iii.
Increase
in trade activities.
People started to travel across the oceans and continents due to the invention
of ships and maps.
iv.
Industrial
Revolution. With scientific
knowledge, the growth of industries increased rapidly producing more.
Especially, Europeans started the Industrial Revolution. They needed markets
and raw materials from other countries to continue production.
v.
The
colonisation of the lands in Asia and Africa. Europeans started to occupy the regions wherever
they found an abundance of raw materials to ship to Europe.
4.
Write
the differences between:
a.
Totalitarianism
and Democracy
b.
Socialism
and Capitalism
c.
Communism
and Dictatorship.
Ans.
|
Totalitarianism |
Democracy |
|
Totalitarian
forms of government have complete control of social, economic, Political, and
private life. -It has a
single party -Indoctrination
of citizens, and -Censorship. |
This form of
government is formed by the people. Democracy means ‘people’s power.’ -Individual
rights of the people to vote and elect leaders. -freedom of
expression. -provision of
fundamental rights. |
|
Socialism |
Capitalism |
|
This form of
government is mostly characterized by: -government
controls the economic resources and shares among the people. -there is
classless society -less private
ownership. |
This form of
government is characterized by: -trade and
industries are owned and controlled by private individuals -free market
conditions -encourage
private ownership -less
government interventions. |
|
Communism |
Dictatorship |
|
This form of
government control both political and economic spheres. -no private
ownership -state control
of production and consumption -class less
society. |
A country
ruled by a dictator. The government functions according to the order of the
leader. |
5.
Write
the advantages and disadvantages of the following:
a.
Totalitarian
b.
Communism
c.
Capitalism
d.
Democracy.
Ans.
a.
Totalitarian
|
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
1. Equality and Less corruption 2. Good use of resources 3. Easy to make decisions. |
1. No freedom and rights. 2. Suppressive rule 3. Censorship lead to less creativity |
b. Communism
|
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
4. Equality in the country 5. Equal distribution of resources 6. Collective ownership |
4. Discourage private ownership 5. No freedom of speech 6. Decision making takes time. |
c. Capitalism
|
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
7. Free market system 8. More economic growth 9. Economic freedom |
7. Large gap between rich and poor 8. Materialistic and less human values 9. No equality among the people. |
d. Democracy
|
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
10. Provision of Fundamental Rights 11. Has freedom of expression 12. Right to vote and elect leader. |
10. Focus on quantity rather than quality. 11. Misuse of funds 12. Chances of corruption |
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